WORKS CONSULTED

Primary Sources:

Gabrieli, Francesco, ed. Arab Historians of the Crusades, Translated by E.J. Costello.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

            Superb compilation of works by various Arab historians.  Provides a clear multi-author sample of the crusades as chronicled by the likes of Usama, Ibn al-Qalanisi, abu-Shama, Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Wasil and many others.  

Ibn Jubayr Rihla (trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst in The Travels of Ibn Jubayr [London: Jonathan Cape, 1952])

            The only complete English translation available of Ibn Jubayr's medieval travels.  This translation was made from the sole existing manuscript which resides in the University of Leiden�s (Netherlands) collection.  The travel narrative provides the complete account of the journeys which describe the places and social climate Ibn Jubayr encounters while on hajj.

Khan, Muhammad Zafrulla, ed.  The Qur�an: The Eternal Revelation vouchsafed to Muhammad the Seal of the Prophets.  Northampton, Massachusetts: Olive Branch Press, 2003.

            A side by side Arabic text-English translation of the Qur�an, invaluable for the cross referencing of citations made to it in the rihla of Ibn Jubayr.   

Secondary Sources:

Ben-Ami, Aharon.  Social Change in Hostile Environment: The Crusaders� Kingdom of Jerusalem.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969.

            Ben-Ami�s sociological perspective was vital in gaining an understanding of changing social relationship amidst the challenging atmosphere of the crusades. 

Constable, Olivia Remie.  Trade & Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

            Provided critical insight as to the commercial activities of Andalusian Spain.  Included were discussions involving the movement, physical and cultural, of Maghribis throughout the Mediterranean world.

Daniel, Norman.  The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe.  London: Longman Group Limited, 1975.           

            A good source of information pertaining the development of relations between the Arab world and Europe prior to and throughout the crusades.

Edgington, Susan B, and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades.  New York:  Columbia University Press, 2002.

            An important work concerning women�s roles during the crusades.  One of the relatively few books devoted to the topic.

Gervers, Michael, and James M. Powell, eds. Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades.  Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press,  2001.

            A short yet information packed work dealing with the social state of affairs between Christianity and Islam; how they developed, prior to and throughout the crusade era. 

Goss, Vladimir P., ed.  The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange between East and West during the Period of the Crusades.  Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University, 1986.

            A great supplement to Tolerance and Intolerance, the book examines the broader development of cultural contact between the worlds of orient and occident.

Hillenbrand, Carole.  The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.  New York: Routledge, 2000.

            Important source pertaining to a wide range of issues to arise out of the crusades dealt with from the Islamic viewpoint.

Lane-Poole, Stanley.  Saladin and the Fall of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.  Beirut: Khayats Oriental Reprints, 1964.

            A thorough examination of Saladin and his individual impact upon the holy wars.

Murphy, Thomas Patrick, ed.  The Holy War.  Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1976.

            A critical analysis of the crusade and jihad.

Netton, Ian Richard.  Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam. Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 1996.

            Netton examines aspects concerning pilgrimage and ideology pertaining to Islam. 

Sargent-Baur, Barbara N., ed. Journeys Toward God: Pilgrimage and Crusade. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University, 1992.

            An important work concerning the relationship between pilgrimage and crusade.  A good inquiry into the nature of crusade, which in the right context could be considered armed pilgrimage.   

Udovitch, Abraham L. Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1970.

Van Sertima, Ivan, ed.  The Golden Age of the Moor.  �The Empire of the Moors.�  John        G. Jackson.  London: Transaction Publishers, 1992.      

            One of the best works concerning the Moors.  Ivan Van Sertima places their existence into focus as a significant force of Islam rather than an European extremity.

Wheeler, Dennis.  �The Travels and Shipwreck of Ibn Jubayr in the Mediterranean: February 1183 to April 1185,� Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 18, no. 184, (December 1993): 353-362.

            A great reference which places Ibn Jubayr�s Messina shipwreck into meteorological perspective.  Significant because during the time of his hajj sea commerce and travel were dependent upon knowledge of such information.    

Electronic Sources:

Tschanz, David W. �Journeys of Faith, Roads of Civilization,� Saudi Aramco World,    Vol. 55, no. 1, January/February 2004, [Journal on-line]; available from http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200401/journeys.of.faith.roads.of.civilization.htm; Internet; accessed 1 January 2005.

            An excellent article for gaining a condensed historical knowledge of the hajj; ranging from the religious to historical and logistical aspects of such a mass movement of people.